Penetration tests in shallow layered unsaturated pyroclastic soil deposits of Southern Italy

The paper deals with a recent extensive in-situ and laboratory investigation carried out in a site characterized by thin layered unsaturated air-fall volcanic (pyroclastic) soil deposits, which are very steep and prone to slope failures turning into catastrophic flows (Cervinara, Southern Italy). The field campaign was based on iron-rod drillings, penetration tests and hand-excavated shafts, beside to the collection of undisturbed soil specimens used for laboratory tests. The real sequence of the soil layers was identified in more than two hundreds verticals. In addition, while a series of available literature formulas are detected as unreliable for these soils, the paper propose new reliable empirical correlations between the soil friction angle (of three lithotypes) and both the number of blows of the penetration test and the vertical stress.