Market transactions of PEV parking lots in the presence of wind generation

Growing development of renewable energy sources, particularly wind power, has caused great challenges in power system operations need to be carefully investigated. Variability in wind power generation is the main concern regarding wind integration which should be adjusted with a reasonable cost in order to maintain system balance between supply and demand. The continuous augment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) has made them as one promising solution due to their flexibility and low-emission. This paper evaluates the interaction of PEV Parking Lots (PLs) in both energy and reserve markets considering the impact of dispersed and gathered wind generation. To this end, a two-stage stochastic framework is adopted with the aim of modeling the day-ahead network-constrained market clearing. The proposed method considers the uncertainty of wind generation as well as the PEV owner's behavior takes into account the arrival/departure time of PEVs to/from the PL, the initial state of charge (SOC) of PEVs, and their battery capacity using a set of scenarios. Several numerical analyzes are carried out to assess the reserve requirement as a result of dispersed or gathered wind generation. Also, the effectiveness of PEV PLs participation in energy and reserve market on wind integration is examined.