New chemical topologies based on calixarene threading

Recently, Neri et al. have introduced an efficient method to obtain endo-cavity complexation and through-the-annulus threading of large calixarenes by exploiting the inducing effect of the weakly coordinating tetrakis[3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (TFPB-) anion. The corresponding calix[6]-arene/dialkylammonium pair can be considered a versatile recognition motif, which can be used for the construction of a large variety of calixarene-threaded architectures. This Ph. D. thesis deals with the exploration of the stereochemical features of the threading of hosts containing multiple cavities. Therefore, the synthesis of double- and triple-calixarenes is reported, which is followed by the subsequent study of their threading abilities with dialkylammonium axles.The results confirmed the now well-known endo-alkyl rule of calix[6]arenes that give the inclusion of alkyl chains inside the calix-cavity. On this basis, we were then able to build new attractive chemical topologies. In particular, doubly-threaded pseudo[3]rotaxane structures have been obtained by the threading of double-calixarene hosts with mono-ammonium axles. The subsequent extention to triple-calixarene hosts, in which three macrocycles are covalently linked to one another by means of an appropriate spacer, gave triply-threaded pseudo[4]rotaxane structures. Because of the three-dimensional nonsymmetrical nature of the calix[6]arene wheels, by threading double-calixarene hosts with bis-ammonium axles three examples of beautiful stereoisomeric calixarene-based handcuff rotaxanes were obtained, which could be termed as head-to-head (H,H), head-to-tail (H,T), and tail-to-tail (T,T). On the basis of these results, it is conceivable that the extension of this approach could lead to novel mechanically interlocked architectures with high-order topologies. [edited by Author]