Role of genetics and hormones in the differences in longevity between men and women

This chapter highlights the significant survival differences between men and women, noting that women, due to their distinct genetic and hormonal makeup, have a notable advantage over men. In contrast, men show a health advantage, creating a complex paradox. Genetic research is increasingly shedding light on the biological roots of these sex differences, though this field is still in its early stages. Only in recent years, sex differences have been systematically considered in experimental design, marking a shift toward better understanding how genetics and hormones affect lifespan, aging, and longevity. The interplay between these factors shapes both life expectancy and health in later years. Understanding these dynamics could lead to more precise medical interventions, closing the gender gap in health outcomes and fostering healthier aging for both sexes. Due to the complex and often unpredictable nature of sex differences, it is crucial that both men and women are included in all clinical and biomedical research to develop tailored health strategies that address gender-specific aging patterns.