Elastomeric materials (commonly called rubbers) play a fundamental role in human life, having myriad applications ranging from wiper blades to spacecraft seals, albeit most of the world's rubber ends up in tyre production. An elastomer can be defined as a polymeric material with the following typical characteristics: (1) the glass transition temperature should be lower than room temperature; (2) amorphous in unstrained conditions and (3) characterized by low Young modulus and high failure strain. Generally, elastomers are obtained either from natural sources (known as ‘Natural Rubber’) or by synthesis. Modern industry and technology could not exist as they are today without synthetic rubber since natural rubber fails to meet the growing demand for worldwide rubber. The research described in this thesis focuses on the development of new synthetic elastomeric materials, obtained from renewable natural resources, for tyre production. Currently, the synthetic elastomers used in the tyre compounds (mainly polybutadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers) are synthesized from monomers coming from fossil sources such as butadiene, isoprene and styrene. The need to abate the current environmental issues, such as global warming, and the massive amount of fossil-based plastic pollution that wind up in the oceans every year, urges a reduction in the usage of fossil-based materials, and their replacement with more sustainable alternatives. These issues have inspired many scientists to design and implement more sustainable approaches for polymer synthesis. The identification and assessment of new and renewable biobased monomers have become a major topic of interest en route to a circular economy. In this context, a natural, potentially alternative source of hydrocarbons is represented by the large family of terpenes, molecules characterized by the presence of one or more double bonds with a cyclic or acyclic unsaturated structure. They are formally oligomers of isoprene units produced by many plants, animals, and some insects. Despite their structural similarity with 1,3-alkadienes, their use as monomers for polymer synthesis has been scarcely investigated and gained attention only in recent times. The aim of this project was, therefore, the synthesis of polymeric materials starting from terpene monomers, testing their mechanical properties, and preparing the first compounds for high-performance tires, in order to partially replace the rubbers obtained from fossil sources. These researches were conducted in collaboration with Pirelli S.p.a. (Milan, Italy), in whose laboratories the mechanical properties of compound formulations, obtained from terpene-based elastomers synthesized, have been studied.
I materiali elastomerici (comunemente chiamati gomme) svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nella vita dell’uomo, avendo una miriade di applicazioni che vanno dalle spazzole dei tergicristalli alle guarnizioni dei veicoli spaziali. Comunque, la maggior parte della gomma mondiale finisce nella produzione di pneumatici. Un elastomero può essere definito come un materiale polimerico con le seguenti caratteristiche: (1) la temperatura di transizione vetrosa è inferiore alla temperatura ambiente; (2) si presenta amorfo in condizioni non deformate ed è (3) caratterizzato da un basso modulo di Young e un’elevata deformazione a rottura. Generalmente, gli elastomeri sono ottenuti da fonti naturali (dall’albero della gomma) o per sintesi. L’industria moderna non potrebbe esistere senza la gomma sintetica e la gomma naturale non riesce a soddisfare la crescente domanda di gomma a livello mondiale. La ricerca descritta in questa tesi si concentra sullo sviluppo di nuovi materiali elastomerici, ottenuti da risorse naturali rinnovabili, per la produzione di pneumatici. Attualmente gli elastomeri sintetici utilizzati nelle mescole degli pneumatici (principalmente polibutadiene e copolimeri stirene-butadiene) sono sintetizzati da monomeri provenienti da fonti fossili (butadiene, isoprene e stirene). I problemi ambientali attuali, come il riscaldamento globale e l’enorme quantità di plastica che finisce annualmente negli oceani, impongono una riduzione di materiali che derivano da fonti fossile e la loro sostituzione con alternative più sostenibili. Questi problemi hanno ispirato molti scienziati a progettare e implementare approcci nuovi per la sintesi di polimeri. L’identificazione e la valutazione di monomeri rinnovabili sono diventati un argomento quindi di grande interesse nel percorso verso un’economia circolare. In questo contesto, una fonte naturale e potenzialmente alternativa di idrocarburi è rappresentata dalla grande famiglia dei terpeni, molecole caratterizzate dalla presenza di uno o più doppi legami con struttura insatura ciclica o aciclica. Sono formalmente costituiti da unità isopreniche e prodotte da molte piante, animali ed insetti. Nonostante la loro somiglianza strutturale con gli 1,3-alcadieni, il loro uso nella sintesi di polimeri è stato scarsamente studiato e ha guadagnato attenzione solo in tempi recenti. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato, quindi, la sintesi di materiali polimerici a partire da monomeri terpenici, lo studio delle proprietà meccaniche di tali materiali, e la preparazione di mescole per pneumatici ad alte prestazioni. Tali ricerche sono state condotte in collaborazione con Pirelli S.p.a. (Milano, Italia), nei cui laboratori sono state testate le proprietà meccaniche delle formulazioni pneumatiche realizzate a partire dagli elastomeri sintetizzati nei laboratori dell’Università degli Studi di Salerno.
New elastomeric materials obtained by biosourced monomers for high performance tyres / David Hermann Lamparelli - Università degli Studi di Salerno. , 2024 May 14. XXXIII ciclo. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019-2020.
New elastomeric materials obtained by biosourced monomers for high performance tyres
HERMANN LAMPARELLI, David
2024
Abstract
Elastomeric materials (commonly called rubbers) play a fundamental role in human life, having myriad applications ranging from wiper blades to spacecraft seals, albeit most of the world's rubber ends up in tyre production. An elastomer can be defined as a polymeric material with the following typical characteristics: (1) the glass transition temperature should be lower than room temperature; (2) amorphous in unstrained conditions and (3) characterized by low Young modulus and high failure strain. Generally, elastomers are obtained either from natural sources (known as ‘Natural Rubber’) or by synthesis. Modern industry and technology could not exist as they are today without synthetic rubber since natural rubber fails to meet the growing demand for worldwide rubber. The research described in this thesis focuses on the development of new synthetic elastomeric materials, obtained from renewable natural resources, for tyre production. Currently, the synthetic elastomers used in the tyre compounds (mainly polybutadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers) are synthesized from monomers coming from fossil sources such as butadiene, isoprene and styrene. The need to abate the current environmental issues, such as global warming, and the massive amount of fossil-based plastic pollution that wind up in the oceans every year, urges a reduction in the usage of fossil-based materials, and their replacement with more sustainable alternatives. These issues have inspired many scientists to design and implement more sustainable approaches for polymer synthesis. The identification and assessment of new and renewable biobased monomers have become a major topic of interest en route to a circular economy. In this context, a natural, potentially alternative source of hydrocarbons is represented by the large family of terpenes, molecules characterized by the presence of one or more double bonds with a cyclic or acyclic unsaturated structure. They are formally oligomers of isoprene units produced by many plants, animals, and some insects. Despite their structural similarity with 1,3-alkadienes, their use as monomers for polymer synthesis has been scarcely investigated and gained attention only in recent times. The aim of this project was, therefore, the synthesis of polymeric materials starting from terpene monomers, testing their mechanical properties, and preparing the first compounds for high-performance tires, in order to partially replace the rubbers obtained from fossil sources. These researches were conducted in collaboration with Pirelli S.p.a. (Milan, Italy), in whose laboratories the mechanical properties of compound formulations, obtained from terpene-based elastomers synthesized, have been studied.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


