Hydrogen, widely regarded as the next generation fuel for transportation as well as stationary applications, can be produced from renewable sources. Bioethanol is a prosperous sustainable energy carrier mainly obtained via biomass fermentation and bioethanol reforming provides a promising method for hydrogen generation from renewables. Bioethanol (i.e. ethanol produced from biomass) mainly contains water and ethanol; however, different types of organic as well as inorganic impurities are present, which may have a significant effect on the reforming reaction and play a crucial rule on catalyst deactivation. In this regard, as impurities removal is a highly energetic demanding process, the use of crude bioethanol is of major importance for a cost effective industrial application of bioethanol reforming. Ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is and endothermic reaction which, according to the thermodynamics, allows producing six hydrogen moles for every mole of converted ethanol. However, the reaction mechanism is very complex and the formation of various by-products (including coke) can reduce hydrogen selectivity. Under a thermal point of view, oxygen addition to the reacting system, due to contribution of oxidation reactions, can provide the heat necessary to carry out the reaction allowing, at the same time, an easier removal of carbonaceous species eventually deposited on catalyst surface. The role of the reactor configuration on the process efficiency is also crucial: fluidised bed reactors, due to the enhanced contact between gas and solid phases, can improve coke gasification; moreover, the excellent catalyst mixing helps avoiding hot or coldspots phenomena, thus enhancing catalyst lifetime. In addition, the choice of fluidized bed membrane reactors can lead to a high degree of process intensification, assuring the selective separation of a reaction product (i.e. hydrogen) with a consequent increase of fuel conversion beyond the thermodynamic limitations as well as the direct product separation. Several catalytic formulations have been investigated for ethanol reforming; however, the issue of catalyst durability (hundreds of hours of operation), especially in the case of raw bioethanol, was poorly investigated in the recent literature. The main objective of this work is to develop highly active and stable catalytic formulations for the oxidative steam reforming of biomass-derived ethanol in a fluidized bed membrane reactor. A previously developed PtNi/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst, tested in a fixed bed mode, was the starting point of this research activity. The bimetallic catalyst was tested in a fluidized bed reactor at 500°C and a preliminary screening was performed in the presence of a simulated bioethanol stream (i.e. pure water and ethanol). Its performance were compared with several catalytic formulations, developed in the attempt of improving the stability and reducing the carbon formation rate of the first generation catalyst. In this regard, alkali metals were added and Ni was substituted by Co obtaining, however, a worse activity and stability compared to the Pt-Ni/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst. Thus, for the latter sample, the influence of cerium salt precursor (nitrate, ammonium nitrate and acetylacetonate) on catalyst durability was investigated, finding that the organic salt can assure a better active species dispersion and a consequent improvement of sample stability...
L’idrogeno, ampiamente considerato come il combustibile di nuova generazione sia per applicazioni stazionarie che per i trasporti, può essere prodotto da fonti rinnovabili. Il bioetanolo è una fonte sostenibile di energia principalmente ottenuta attraverso la fermentazione delle biomasse e il reforming di bioetanolo rappresenta una promettente alternativa per la produzione di idrogeno da fonti rinnovabili. Il bioetanolo (ovvero l’etanolo prodotto dalle biomasse) contiene principalmente acqua ed etanolo; tuttavia, sono presenti anche diverse tipologie di imurità, che possono avere un effetto significativo durante la reazione di reforming e giocano un ruolo fondamentale dal punto di vista della disattivazione del catalizzatore. A tal proposito, dal momento che la rimozione delle impurità è un processo altamente costoso, l’impiego diretto del crude bioethanol rappresenta un’alternativa molto interessante nell’ottica di uno sviluppo industriale del processo. Lo steam reforming di ethanolo (ESR) è una reazione endotermica che, sulla base delle previsioni termodinamiche, assicura la produzione di 6 moli di idrogeno per mole di etanolo convertito. Tuttavia, il meccanismo di reazione è molto complesso e la formazione di vari sottoprodotti (incluso il coke) può ridurre la selettività ad idrogeno. Da un punto di vista termico, l’aggiunta di ossigeno nel sistema di reazione, grazie al contributo delle reazioni di ossidazione, può fornire il calore necessario alla reazione endotermica fac ilitando, nel contempo, un più facile rimozione delle specie carboniose eventualmnente depositate sulla superficie del catalizzatore.Il ruolo della configurazione reattoristica sull’efficienza del processo è oltremodo cruciale: i reattori a letto fluido, grazie al miglioramento del contatto tra fase gas e solida, migliora la gassificazione del coke; inoltre, l’eccellente mixing del catalizzatore aiuta a prevenire hot e cold spots, allungando la vita del catalizzatore. L’impiego di un reattore a letto fluido a membrana, inoltre, assicura un’importante passo avanti in termini di intensificazione di processo, garantendo la separazione selettiva di un prodotto di reazione, ad esempio idrogeno), incrementando la conversione del reagente oltre i valori previsti dall’equilibrio termodinamico. Diverse formulazioni catalitiche sono state investigate per il reforming di etanolo: tuttavia, la durabilità del catalizzatore (in termini di centinaia di ore) è stata investigata raramente nella letteratura recente.
Catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production via bioethanol reforming in a fluidized bed membrane reactor / Concetta Ruocco - Università degli Studi di Salerno. , 2024 Apr 23. XXXIII ciclo. ciclo, Anno Accademico 2019-2020.
Catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production via bioethanol reforming in a fluidized bed membrane reactor
RUOCCO, Concetta
2024
Abstract
Hydrogen, widely regarded as the next generation fuel for transportation as well as stationary applications, can be produced from renewable sources. Bioethanol is a prosperous sustainable energy carrier mainly obtained via biomass fermentation and bioethanol reforming provides a promising method for hydrogen generation from renewables. Bioethanol (i.e. ethanol produced from biomass) mainly contains water and ethanol; however, different types of organic as well as inorganic impurities are present, which may have a significant effect on the reforming reaction and play a crucial rule on catalyst deactivation. In this regard, as impurities removal is a highly energetic demanding process, the use of crude bioethanol is of major importance for a cost effective industrial application of bioethanol reforming. Ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is and endothermic reaction which, according to the thermodynamics, allows producing six hydrogen moles for every mole of converted ethanol. However, the reaction mechanism is very complex and the formation of various by-products (including coke) can reduce hydrogen selectivity. Under a thermal point of view, oxygen addition to the reacting system, due to contribution of oxidation reactions, can provide the heat necessary to carry out the reaction allowing, at the same time, an easier removal of carbonaceous species eventually deposited on catalyst surface. The role of the reactor configuration on the process efficiency is also crucial: fluidised bed reactors, due to the enhanced contact between gas and solid phases, can improve coke gasification; moreover, the excellent catalyst mixing helps avoiding hot or coldspots phenomena, thus enhancing catalyst lifetime. In addition, the choice of fluidized bed membrane reactors can lead to a high degree of process intensification, assuring the selective separation of a reaction product (i.e. hydrogen) with a consequent increase of fuel conversion beyond the thermodynamic limitations as well as the direct product separation. Several catalytic formulations have been investigated for ethanol reforming; however, the issue of catalyst durability (hundreds of hours of operation), especially in the case of raw bioethanol, was poorly investigated in the recent literature. The main objective of this work is to develop highly active and stable catalytic formulations for the oxidative steam reforming of biomass-derived ethanol in a fluidized bed membrane reactor. A previously developed PtNi/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst, tested in a fixed bed mode, was the starting point of this research activity. The bimetallic catalyst was tested in a fluidized bed reactor at 500°C and a preliminary screening was performed in the presence of a simulated bioethanol stream (i.e. pure water and ethanol). Its performance were compared with several catalytic formulations, developed in the attempt of improving the stability and reducing the carbon formation rate of the first generation catalyst. In this regard, alkali metals were added and Ni was substituted by Co obtaining, however, a worse activity and stability compared to the Pt-Ni/CeO2-SiO2 catalyst. Thus, for the latter sample, the influence of cerium salt precursor (nitrate, ammonium nitrate and acetylacetonate) on catalyst durability was investigated, finding that the organic salt can assure a better active species dispersion and a consequent improvement of sample stability...I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


