Citizens’ e-participation in the digital world: empirical insights from Europe

Building on previous literature that has emphasized the central role of end-users, this study investigated the level of e-participation in a large sample of European countries. Several indicators, based on data extracted from the Eurostat database, were utilized to express citizens’ use of e-government tools and platforms and the level of citizens’ satisfaction with e-government initiatives. To avoid technological determinism, this study provided a holistic perspective by referring to the public service ecosystem framework. Results documented the relevance of several factors at a macro, meso and micro levels.