The international order is made up of a set of relations between states, which have proved extremely unstable throughout history. Well, the role of the hegemonic powers appears fundamental for reordering the directives of the global establishmentthrough the establishment of diplomatic plots (Gruppi,1977).Nonetheless, the extreme variety of emerging countries and the nihilism of security that prevails in foreign policy do not always allow diplomacy to fulfill the role for which it was designated. In fact, the adoption of different political models can lead to exhausting power relations, while the excessive interference of the main actors can generate subordination and dependencia(Marini, 1993). In this regard, the object of analysis of this paper is the Latin American quadrant, a reality that has always been threatened by the US decision-making autonomy, as well as by a highly fragmented socio-institutional framework. Undoubtedly, in order to analyze the wounds (unfortunately still open) of the countries south of the Río Bravo, it is necessary to consider a broad chronological framework, dwelling on the correlations between the internal and external fractures that made South America a marginal and torn actor. The temporal register analyzed ranges from the post-war period to the present day, since, as stated by Harmer, the Cold War underwent a “Latin Americanization ", relaunching the role of the Third World as a rising star in geopolitics. It continues to play a role as a beacon of attraction and polarization both for bipolar interests and as a charismatic revolutionary hub.In addition, the extreme heterogeneity and the strong rivalry within the area have fueled that strong rift between endogenous and exogenous criticalities. This pluralism of causes has helped to write the fate of an inexorable decline for the Southern Cone (Giannattasio, 2020). In this way the work is structured in two sections: The first paragraph considers a historical-political analysis of the events that have affected South America. First, an interpretation of the relationships between the various administrations of the White House and the quadrant in question is proposed. Specifically, the change in attitudes assumed in line with a rapidly evolving international framework is highlighted. Secondly, a comparative view of internal political systems was adopted, as well as the establishment of strict dictatorships hindered by the spread of guerrilla warfare and local revolts. Thirdly, the focus is on the area's difficulty in identifying areas of autonomy to initiate forms of regionalism, with terrible social and economic consequences. Fourthly, an analysis of equalization of the relationships and interests of the new international players in the quadrant is addressed, starting from the emerging Popular Republic of China and the community bodies. In conclusion, the paper investigates the response to an enigmatic period of uncertainty that hangs over the entire global order. Especially in South America the ghosts of perplexity manifest themselves in social instabilities, further aggravated by the emergencies linked to the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. In the second paragraph, first of all, a review of the drug marketing processes between the US and European markets is carried out. The two present themselves as markets that are completely distant from a geographical point of view, yet interconnected both in terms of consumption and the practices adopted. On the contrary, in the second place the theme of the fight against and contrast to the criminal phenomenon is analysed. On the one hand, what has been put in place by the European Union and the United Nations Organization by both institutions and specialized agencies is reported. On the other hand we find the commitment of individual citizens in associations, or with the support of some of the European type united by ideals of legality and social justice. In addition, the fight against crime does not only concern the fight against the commercialization of narcotic substances, but also the phenomenon of the disappeared (desaparecidos), a practice consequent to the one mentioned above.
L'ordine internazionale è costituito da un insieme di relazioni tra Stati, che si sono dimostrate estremamente instabili nel corso della storia. Ebbene, il ruolo delle potenze egemoniche appare fondamentale per riordinare le direttive dell'assetto globale attraverso la costituzione di complotti diplomatici (Gruppi, 1977). Tuttavia, l'estrema varietà dei paesi emergenti e il nichilismo della sicurezza che prevale nella politica estera non sempre permettono alla diplomazia di svolgere il ruolo per cui è stata designata. Infatti, l'adozione di modelli politici diversi può portare a rapporti di potere esaurienti, mentre l'eccessiva interferenza dei principali attori può generare subordinazione e dipendenza (Marini, 1993). In questo senso, l'oggetto di analisi del presente documento è il quadrante latino-americano, una realtà che è sempre stata minacciata dalla decisione degli Stati UnitiLa Commissione ha proposto di creare un quadro giuridico e istituzionale per l'autonomia, nonché per un quadro socio-istituzionale fortemente frammentato. Indubbiamente, per analizzare le ferite (purtroppo ancora aperte) dei paesi a sud del Río Bravo, è necessario considerare un ampio quadro cronologico, soffermarsi sulle correlazioni tra le fratture interne ed esterne che hanno reso il Sud America un attore marginale e lacerato.Il registro temporale analizzato spazia dal dopoguerra ai giorni nostri, poiché, come afferma Harmer, la Guerra Fredda ha subito un "Americanizzazione latina ", rilanciando il ruolo del Terzo Mondo come stella nascente della geopolitica. Continua a svolgere un ruolo come faro di attrazione e polarizzazione sia per gli interessi bipolari e come fulcro rivoluzionario carismatico.Inoltre, l'estrema eterogeneità e la forte rivalità all'interno dell'area hanno alimentato quella forte spaccatura tra criticità endogene ed esogeni. Questo pluralismo delle cause ha contribuito a scrivere il destino di un declino inesorabile per il Cono Sud (Giannattasio, 2020). In questo modo il lavoro è strutturato in due sezioni: Il primo paragrafo considera un'analisi storico-politica degli eventi che hanno colpito l'America del Sud. In primo luogo, viene proposta un'interpretazione dei rapporti tra le varie amministrazioni della Casa Bianca e il quadrante in questione. In particolare, viene messo in evidenza il cambiamento di atteggiamento assunto in linea con un quadro internazionale in rapida evoluzione. In secondo luogo, è stata adottata una visione comparativa dei sistemi politici interni, nonché l'istituzione di rigide dittature ostacolate dalla diffusione della guerriglia e delle rivolte locali. In terzo luogo, l'attenzione è rivolta alla difficoltà dell'area di identificare aree di autonomia per avviare forme di regionalismo, con terribili conseguenze sociali ed economiche. In quarto luogo, viene affrontata un'analisi della perequazione delle relazioni e degli interessi dei nuovi attori internazionali nel quadrante, La Repubblica popolare cinese e gli organismi comunitari. In conclusione, il documento indaga la risposta a un periodo enigmatico di incertezza che si estende su tutto l'ordine globale. Soprattutto in Sud America i fantasmi della perplessità si manifestano nelle instabilità sociali, ulteriormente aggravate dalle emergenze legate alla pandemia e alla guerra Russia-Ucraina. Nel secondo paragrafo, in primo luogo, viene effettuata una revisione dei processi di marketing dei farmaci tra i mercati degli Stati Uniti e dell'Europa. I due si presentano come mercati completamente distanti da un punto di vista geografico, ma interconnessi sia in termini di consumo che di pratiche adottate. Al contrario, in secondo luogo viene analizzato il tema della lotta e del contrasto al fenomeno criminale. Da un lato, si riporta ciò che è stato messo in atto dall'Unione europea e dalle Nazioni Unite sia da parte delle istituzioni che da quelle specializzate. D'altra parte troviamo l'impegno dei singoli cittadini in associazioni, o con il sostegno di alcuni del tipo europeo uniti da ideali di legalità e giustizia sociale. Inoltre, la lotta contro la criminalità non riguarda solo la lotta contro la commercializzazione di sostanze stupefacenti, ma anche il fenomeno dei desaparecidos (desaparecidos)La pratica è conseguente a quella sopra menzionata.
Latin America: The examination of a particular territory
Andreotti Alessandro
;
2023
Abstract
The international order is made up of a set of relations between states, which have proved extremely unstable throughout history. Well, the role of the hegemonic powers appears fundamental for reordering the directives of the global establishmentthrough the establishment of diplomatic plots (Gruppi,1977).Nonetheless, the extreme variety of emerging countries and the nihilism of security that prevails in foreign policy do not always allow diplomacy to fulfill the role for which it was designated. In fact, the adoption of different political models can lead to exhausting power relations, while the excessive interference of the main actors can generate subordination and dependencia(Marini, 1993). In this regard, the object of analysis of this paper is the Latin American quadrant, a reality that has always been threatened by the US decision-making autonomy, as well as by a highly fragmented socio-institutional framework. Undoubtedly, in order to analyze the wounds (unfortunately still open) of the countries south of the Río Bravo, it is necessary to consider a broad chronological framework, dwelling on the correlations between the internal and external fractures that made South America a marginal and torn actor. The temporal register analyzed ranges from the post-war period to the present day, since, as stated by Harmer, the Cold War underwent a “Latin Americanization ", relaunching the role of the Third World as a rising star in geopolitics. It continues to play a role as a beacon of attraction and polarization both for bipolar interests and as a charismatic revolutionary hub.In addition, the extreme heterogeneity and the strong rivalry within the area have fueled that strong rift between endogenous and exogenous criticalities. This pluralism of causes has helped to write the fate of an inexorable decline for the Southern Cone (Giannattasio, 2020). In this way the work is structured in two sections: The first paragraph considers a historical-political analysis of the events that have affected South America. First, an interpretation of the relationships between the various administrations of the White House and the quadrant in question is proposed. Specifically, the change in attitudes assumed in line with a rapidly evolving international framework is highlighted. Secondly, a comparative view of internal political systems was adopted, as well as the establishment of strict dictatorships hindered by the spread of guerrilla warfare and local revolts. Thirdly, the focus is on the area's difficulty in identifying areas of autonomy to initiate forms of regionalism, with terrible social and economic consequences. Fourthly, an analysis of equalization of the relationships and interests of the new international players in the quadrant is addressed, starting from the emerging Popular Republic of China and the community bodies. In conclusion, the paper investigates the response to an enigmatic period of uncertainty that hangs over the entire global order. Especially in South America the ghosts of perplexity manifest themselves in social instabilities, further aggravated by the emergencies linked to the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. In the second paragraph, first of all, a review of the drug marketing processes between the US and European markets is carried out. The two present themselves as markets that are completely distant from a geographical point of view, yet interconnected both in terms of consumption and the practices adopted. On the contrary, in the second place the theme of the fight against and contrast to the criminal phenomenon is analysed. On the one hand, what has been put in place by the European Union and the United Nations Organization by both institutions and specialized agencies is reported. On the other hand we find the commitment of individual citizens in associations, or with the support of some of the European type united by ideals of legality and social justice. In addition, the fight against crime does not only concern the fight against the commercialization of narcotic substances, but also the phenomenon of the disappeared (desaparecidos), a practice consequent to the one mentioned above.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.