New Technologies for Concrete Bridge Monitoring: An Overview

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of concrete bridges is an important issue that cannot be underestimated, especially when they are subjected to variable loads and adverse environmental conditions. Infrastructure management and maintenance have changed with the integration of advanced digital technologies such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), Digital Twin (DT), Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). This article aims to classify the main techniques used in the last decade to monitor concrete bridges and provides an overview of the latest technologies. It examines the use of BIM to create three-dimensional models integrated with SHM data, the use of DTs to provide real-time updates, and the use of IoT sensors to collect structural data continuously. The article also discusses how machine learning and deep learning techniques are improving damage detection and prevention. Finally, with the goal of further improving the resilience and durability of infrastructure, future developments in the use of drones, advanced IoT sensors, and the creation of standardised protocols for optimal sensor deployment are discussed.