CTAT: A Blockchain-Driven Conditional Traceable Access Token for Enhancing Performance and Security in the Supply Chain of Sensitive Pharmaceuticals

The pharmaceutical supply chain has many difficulties, such as inefficiency, vulnerabilities in security, and counterfeit medicines. Using blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, this article presents the Conditional Traceable Access Token (CTAT) system, which guarantees secure and transparent management of medications. Some of the system’s key features are abnormal detection, real-time monitoring, and dynamic access restriction. Although blockchain technology improves transparency and security in these systems, the issue of high gas consumption remains a challenge. In this paper, smart contracts are deployed on the Ethereum and Arbitrum Sepolia networks to evaluate the performance and gas consumption of the proposed approach. The results show that the Arbitrum layer-2 architecture significantly reduces gas fees, offering a more scalable and cost-effective solution than Ethereum.