Agrivoltaics Across Crops and Technologies: A Systematic Review of Experimental Tests on Yield, Microclimate, and Energy Performance

Agrivoltaics is a rapidly expanding technology thanks to its energy, agronomic, and microclimatic benefits, which have been demonstrated in a variety of climatic contexts around the world. This study presents the first systematic review exclusively focused on experimental agrivoltaics field studies, based on the analysis of 82 peer-reviewed articles. The aim is to provide a cross-study comparable synthesis of how shading from different photovoltaic (PV) technologies affects microclimate, crop yield, and crop quality. The reviewed systems include four main categories of PV modules: conventional, bifacial, semi-transparent/transparent, including spectrally selectivity modules and concentrating photovoltaic systems (CPV). To handle heterogeneity and improve comparability, results were normalised against open-field controls as relative percentage variations. The analysis reveals a high variability in results, strongly influenced by crop type, climate, level of shading, and reduction in PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation). Studies conducted with the same shade intensity but under different climatic conditions show contrasting results, suggesting that there is no universally optimal agrivoltaics configuration. Nevertheless, the review allows us to identify recurring patterns of compatibility between crops and photovoltaic technologies, providing useful guidance for choosing the most suitable technology based on climate, crop physiology, and production objectives.