Italy and China have both adopted mediation as a mechanism to reduce litigation and improve the efficiency of judicial systems. However, their respective approaches diverge significantly in normative foundations, institutional architecture, and functional purposes. In China, mediation is deeply embedded in a Confucian legal tradition that prioritizes social harmony over adjudicative outcomes, and is implemented through an integrated, multi-level system encompassing people’s mediation, judicial mediation, and administrative mediation. In contrast, Italy reintroduced mediation through legislative reform within a civil law framework historically centered on adjudication, where mediation is often regarded as a formal requirement rather than a substantive alternative to litigation. The Chinese model exemplifies a culturally internalized form of social dispute resolution, whereas the Italian model remains a procedural instrument externally imposed by law. Comparative analysis suggests that mediation’s effectiveness is influenced less by legal compulsion than by socio-legal context, institutional trust, and cultural attitudes toward conflict. Western legal systems, despite their procedural sophistication, face a structural limitation: mandatory mediation does not ensure legitimacy or acceptance. China, by contrast, maintains voluntariness through informal norms and community-based expectations. These two models, therefore, not only reflect different modalities of justice, but also embody distinct conceptualizations of conflict, authority, and social coexistence.
Italia e Cina riconoscono un ruolo crescente alla mediazione quale strumento di contenimento del contenzioso e di razionalizzazione dell’amministrazione della giustizia, ma si differenziano profondamente per origini, configurazione istituzionale e finalità. In Cina, la mediazione si fonda su una tradizione confuciana che privilegia l’armonia sociale rispetto alla verità giudiziale, e si articola in un sistema capillare che combina mediazione popolare, giudiziaria e amministrativa, sostenuto da un forte coordinamento pubblico e da una legittimazione culturale radicata. In Italia, al contrario, l’istituto è stato reintrodotto per impulso normativo all’interno di un ordinamento giurisdizionalista, e continua ad essere percepito, in larga parte, come un adempimento formale più che come un’effettiva alternativa al processo. Il modello cinese assume i tratti di una giustizia sociale diffusa; quello italiano, invece, conserva una natura prevalentemente tecnico-procedurale, spesso avvertita come estranea alla cultura giuridica condivisa. L’analisi comparata evidenzia come l’efficacia della mediazione dipenda meno dalla sua obbligatorietà e più da fattori culturali, istituzionali e relazionali. Nei sistemi occidentali, l’imposizione normativa non è sufficiente a garantirne la credibilità. In Cina, al contrario, la volontarietà è rafforzata da pratiche sociali consolidate e da meccanismi informali di legittimazione. Due traiettorie divergenti, che esprimono concezioni differenti del conflitto, della giustizia e della convivenza.
La mediazione in Italia ed in Cina: due realtà in (diversa) evoluzione
Francesca Cappuccio
2025
Abstract
Italy and China have both adopted mediation as a mechanism to reduce litigation and improve the efficiency of judicial systems. However, their respective approaches diverge significantly in normative foundations, institutional architecture, and functional purposes. In China, mediation is deeply embedded in a Confucian legal tradition that prioritizes social harmony over adjudicative outcomes, and is implemented through an integrated, multi-level system encompassing people’s mediation, judicial mediation, and administrative mediation. In contrast, Italy reintroduced mediation through legislative reform within a civil law framework historically centered on adjudication, where mediation is often regarded as a formal requirement rather than a substantive alternative to litigation. The Chinese model exemplifies a culturally internalized form of social dispute resolution, whereas the Italian model remains a procedural instrument externally imposed by law. Comparative analysis suggests that mediation’s effectiveness is influenced less by legal compulsion than by socio-legal context, institutional trust, and cultural attitudes toward conflict. Western legal systems, despite their procedural sophistication, face a structural limitation: mandatory mediation does not ensure legitimacy or acceptance. China, by contrast, maintains voluntariness through informal norms and community-based expectations. These two models, therefore, not only reflect different modalities of justice, but also embody distinct conceptualizations of conflict, authority, and social coexistence.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


