Subject of many recent resolutions and studies by the European Parliament, “transnational repression” refers to those actions taken by the governments of certain states to silence, intimidate or harm individuals outside their national borders. This paper first proposes an analysis of the approach taken by the international community and the European Union towards transnational repression. It will then try to highlight whether or not there is an obligation for the EU to prevent this phenomenon and, if so, whether this might also take the form of an effective obligation to criminalise. The screening of soft and hard law acts, as well as the relevant case law of the Strasbourg Court, will be the main method used to address this question. The paper will then consider the scope of the EU’s possible initiative to counter transnational repression, which is deemed necessary here, whilst addressing the issue of defining the concept. Consideration will then be given to the regulatory actions that the EU legislator may take in fulfilment of the supposed obligation of prevention, namely by recourse to its criminal law competence pursuant to art. 83 TFEU and the Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime. Finally, conclusions will be drawn both to outline the main findings of the research and to demonstrate the inevitable interplay with other policies not covered by the study, thereby showing that EU action becomes necessary also because of the impact that transnational repression simultaneously has on the EU’s internal and external action.
Oggetto di plurime risoluzioni e studi recentissimi del Parlamento europeo, la “repressione transnazionale” si riferisce a quelle azioni intraprese dai governi di alcuni Stati per mettere a tacere, intimidire o danneggiare individui al di fuori dei propri confini nazionali. Il presente contributo propone dapprima un’analisi della considerazione mostrata dalla comunità internazionale e dall’Unione europea nei confronti della repressione transnazionale. Di seguito, tenterà di evidenziare se per l’UE esista o meno un obbligo di prevenire il fenomeno e, se del caso, se questo possa sostanziarsi anche in un effettivo obbligo di criminalizzazione. Il vaglio di atti di soft law e di hard law, come pure della pertinente giurisprudenza della Corte di Strasburgo rappresenterà il principale metodo impiegato per rispondere a tale quesito. L’elaborato prenderà poi in considerazione l’entità della possibile iniziativa di contrasto, dell’Unione europea alla repressione transnazionale, qui considerata necessaria, dando spazio alla problematica riguardante la definizione della figura. Saranno poi tenute in conto le azioni normative che il legislatore dell’Unione potrà intentare in adempimento al supposto obbligo di prevenzione, ovvero un ricorso alla propria competenza di diritto penale ex art. 83 TFUE ed al Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime. Infine, verranno tracciate delle conclusioni sia per delineare i principali rilievi emersi nella ricerca, sia per dimostrare l’inevitabile compenetrazione con altre politiche non investite dall’indagine, a dimostrazione del fatto che l’azione dell’Unione diviene necessaria anche per via dell’impatto che la repressione transnazionale simultaneamente ha sull’azione interna ed esterna dell’UE.
La transnational repression quale minaccia “rinnovata” a diritti umani e sicurezza: la necessità di una risposta mirata da parte dell’ordinamento dell’Unione europea
Stefano Busillo
2026
Abstract
Subject of many recent resolutions and studies by the European Parliament, “transnational repression” refers to those actions taken by the governments of certain states to silence, intimidate or harm individuals outside their national borders. This paper first proposes an analysis of the approach taken by the international community and the European Union towards transnational repression. It will then try to highlight whether or not there is an obligation for the EU to prevent this phenomenon and, if so, whether this might also take the form of an effective obligation to criminalise. The screening of soft and hard law acts, as well as the relevant case law of the Strasbourg Court, will be the main method used to address this question. The paper will then consider the scope of the EU’s possible initiative to counter transnational repression, which is deemed necessary here, whilst addressing the issue of defining the concept. Consideration will then be given to the regulatory actions that the EU legislator may take in fulfilment of the supposed obligation of prevention, namely by recourse to its criminal law competence pursuant to art. 83 TFEU and the Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime. Finally, conclusions will be drawn both to outline the main findings of the research and to demonstrate the inevitable interplay with other policies not covered by the study, thereby showing that EU action becomes necessary also because of the impact that transnational repression simultaneously has on the EU’s internal and external action.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


