A Transactive Energy Framework for Inverter-based HVAC Loads in a Real-time Local Electricity Market Considering Distributed Energy Resources

Rapidly increasing distributed energy resources (DERs) bring more fluctuating output power to the distribution network and put forward a higher requirement on local regulation resources for maintaining the network balance. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads account for more than 40% of power consumption in modern cities and have huge regulation potential as flexible loads. However, HVACs equipped with inverter devices have rarely been studied in the local electricity market (LEM). To address this issue, this paper proposes a real-time LEM and a distribution network optimization framework to exploit the regulation potential of inverter-based HVACs considering multiple DERs. This LEM can avoid iterations in real-time and significantly decrease the participation difficulty of small end-users. Moreover, we propose a transactive capacity evaluation method to assist end-users in deciding their regulation capacities in the LEM. Finally, a realistic distribution network is utilized to verify the effec-tiveness of the proposed methods.