A review of machine learning and IoT-based energy management systems for AC microgrids

Global energy is in a disruptive shift into the demanded sustainable, efficient, and decentralized energy approach. Microgrids have emerged as key innovations as they can accommodate renewable energy sources, advanced storage solutions, and intelligent controls. This review provides insight into the critical role that Energy Management Systems (EMS) play in optimizing microgrid operation, providing stability, and improving energy use. This includes the added features of infusing new Technologies like Machine Learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoTs), which have changed the outlook for Energy Management Systems through predictive analytics, real-time optimization, and greater reliability. Key challenges of microgrid deployment are addressed - renewable energy variability, cybersecurity concerns-in addition to future trends like digital twins and blockchain applications. This thorough analysis will further reinforce that microgrids represent a point crucial in the solutions offered to the demands of the world in energy for resilient and sustainable power systems.