Typology of Transgender Identity Affirmation: A Netnographic Study in Italy

The affirmation of transgender identity, as posited by sociometer theory, is intricately linked not only to the success of the gender affirmation process but also to the broader social context in which individuals navigate. Existing studies have underscored the crucial role of primary relationships, such as family and peers, in shaping positive transgender identities, fostering selfperception, and enhancing overall well-being. However, limited attention has been given to the role of non-primary social circles in this process. This study aims to bridge this gap by focusing on the influence of non-primary social circles on transgender experiences in Italy. It employs a qualitative exploratory netnographic approach, analyzing 276 posts and corresponding comments from the most frequented Facebook group within the Italian transgender community, written by 118 users. The data, collected between June and September 2023, provided a diverse informational base for inductive analysis, allowing the development of typologies by categorizing cases into distinct types. Findings indicate that transgender experiences in Italy are shaped by societal norms and hegemonic masculinity, which influence gender identities. However, a smaller group perceives transition as an opportunity to challenge these norms, fostering alternative gender models. The study highlights that a positive transgender identity is constructed through both internal and external validation, underscoring the importance of comprehensive support structures. Building on the analysis, the article emphasizes the need for inclusive policies in education, workplaces, and healthcare to address the specific challenges faced by transgender individuals and to promote greater social recognition and well-being.