This study is aimed at analysing the tension between the universal need of national law-makers to establish filiation (for inheritance, maintenance and parental responsibility purposes) and the diversity of the legal solutions adopted. Despite the simplicity of the starting point (the need to establish parenthood), the comparison shows that there are no single answers, as they are strongly influenced by the legal and cultural traditions and the scientific progress. The research identifies three historical criteria for defining filiation: presumptions/ possession of status, will (recognition, adoption) and biological truth. The latter, nowadays facilitated by the genetic testing, acts as a “detonator” for the emergence of new legal paradigms, raising the question of how to balance these with the child’s best interest. The central thesis is that, in response to the challenges of technology (assisted reproduction, surrogacy) and the role played by human rights (equality, dignity, respect for privacy), a new family architype is emerging. This model, focuses on 1) a relational dimension and 2) the intention to procreate, making traditional presumptive mechanisms more flexible. The contemporary perspective, filtered through the concept of the “best interests of the child”, pushes towards the recognition of plural parenthood based on responsibility and parental project, opening a legal chapter that is fundamentally distant from the more traditional way of conceiving the family.
Il presente studio vuole analizzare la tensione tra l’esigenza dei legislatori nazionali di stabilire i rapporti di filiazione (per fini di successione, alimenti e responsabilità genitoriale) e la multiformità delle soluzioni adottate. Nonostante la semplicità del dato di partenza (la necessità di definire il genitore), la comparazione rivela risposte non univoche, fortemente influenzate dalla tradizione giuridica e culturale e dal progresso scientifico. La ricerca individua tre criteri storici di definizione della filiazione: le presunzioni/possesso di stato, la volontà (riconoscimento, adozione) e la verità biologica. Quest’ultima, facilitata dalle prove genetiche, agisce tuttavia da “detonatore” per l’emersionedi nuove figure giuridiche e pone la questione del bilanciamento con il diritto all’identità del figlio. La tesi centrale è che, in risposta alle sfide della tecnologia (riproduzione assistita, maternità surrogata) e al ruolo giocato dai diritti umani (uguaglianza, dignità, rispetto della vita privata), sta emergendo un nuovo paradigma familiare. Questo modello si concentra sulla dimensione relazionale del legame e sulla volontà di procreare, flessibilizzando i meccanismi presuntivi tradizionali. La prospettiva contemporanea, filtrata dalla formula del best interests of the child, spinge verso il riconoscimento di una genitorialità plurima fondata sul progetto parentale e sulla responsabilità, aprendo un capitolo giuridico tendenzialmente estraneo al modo più tradizionale di concepire la famiglia.
Filiatio juris e prospettiva comparatistica: il diverso bilanciamento tra dato biologico e progetto parentale
Virginia ZAMBRANO
2025
Abstract
This study is aimed at analysing the tension between the universal need of national law-makers to establish filiation (for inheritance, maintenance and parental responsibility purposes) and the diversity of the legal solutions adopted. Despite the simplicity of the starting point (the need to establish parenthood), the comparison shows that there are no single answers, as they are strongly influenced by the legal and cultural traditions and the scientific progress. The research identifies three historical criteria for defining filiation: presumptions/ possession of status, will (recognition, adoption) and biological truth. The latter, nowadays facilitated by the genetic testing, acts as a “detonator” for the emergence of new legal paradigms, raising the question of how to balance these with the child’s best interest. The central thesis is that, in response to the challenges of technology (assisted reproduction, surrogacy) and the role played by human rights (equality, dignity, respect for privacy), a new family architype is emerging. This model, focuses on 1) a relational dimension and 2) the intention to procreate, making traditional presumptive mechanisms more flexible. The contemporary perspective, filtered through the concept of the “best interests of the child”, pushes towards the recognition of plural parenthood based on responsibility and parental project, opening a legal chapter that is fundamentally distant from the more traditional way of conceiving the family.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


